Background and Prediction Essay Example

Background and Prediction Essay Example Background and Prediction Essay Background and Prediction Essay Evaporation is the process of a substance turning from its liquid form to its gaseous form. This occurs when a substance (in liquid form) is heated to a certain temperature this temperature varies between substances and is called the boiling point. What happens is that as heat is applied to the liquid the particles inside it absorb the energy from the heat and become more and more excited (they vibrate more quickly) as more heat is applied. Eventually the particles become so excited that they break free from the surface of the liquid and become vapour. Evaporation has occurred at this point.The reason a liquid becomes a gas when the particles become excited is that a gas has much weaker inter-molecular bonds than a liquid. A solid has the strongest inter-molecular bonds so that is the most difficult state of substance to manipulate.Things which could affect the speed of evaporation are:* Type of liquid;* Colour of liquid;* Colour of container;* Aperture of container.I am going to in vestigate how the type of liquid affects the speed of evaporation. I will create an experiment in order to find out.The ExperimentPlanI will pour 20cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of three different substances (ethanol, water and paraffin) into separate beakers. I will then place the three beakers into an incubator at 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes I will remove the beakers from the incubator and pour out the liquid from each beaker into its own measuring cylinder in order to find out how much of each substance evaporated.EquipmentI will need:* Incubator;* Stopwatch;* Thermometer;* 3 measuring cylinders* 3 beakers;* Ethanol;* Paraffin;* Water.PredictionI predict that the water will evaporate the most because it has the lowest atomic mass (18) of the three substances. Paraffin will hardly evaporate, if at all, due to its huge atomic mass (632!).ResultsWaterEthanolParaffinBefore20cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½After18cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The da ta that I have collected may be inaccurate because while the beakers were in the incubator somebody tampered with the temperature control. However, there was not enough time for me to repeat the experiment and recollect all of the data so I am continuing with the data I already have. An improvement to the accuracy of the experiment would be to weigh the beakers of liquid before and after placing them in the incubator as no droplets would be lost transferring liquid between beakers.AnalysisThe results of this experiment show that ethanol evaporated the most with just 10cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ remaining after being in the incubator for 30 minutes. The water didnt evaporate as much as I expected with 18cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ left after 30 minutes. Paraffin did not evaporate at all after 30 minutes there was still 20cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ left in the beaker.These results partly support my prediction and partly contradict it. They support it in that as I predicted, paraffin did not evaporate at all. However, th ey contradict it in that ethanol evaporated much more than water did. I have no idea why this happened because water had a lower atomic mass than ethanol.EvaluationThe only part of my results which I expected was that of paraffin not evaporating. The results for ethanol and water surprised me as the substance with the lower atomic mass (water) did not evaporate nearly as much as the substance with the higher atomic mass (ethanol).The experiment could be improved for greater accuracy by weighing the beakers of liquid before and after they are placed into the pre-heated incubator for a set amount of time. This would prevent loss of water when transferring substances between containers.To be entirely satisfied with my data I would need to do this experiment at least three times to ensure that I had collected accurate data. I would also ensure that the actual liquid was at 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C for 30 minutes rather than the environment into which the liquid was placed being at 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C for 30 minutes.

The Saint Patricks Battalion (Los San Patricios)

The Saint Patricks Battalion (Los San Patricios) The St. Patricks Battalion- known in Spanish as el Batallà ³n de los San Patricios- was a Mexican army unit comprised primarily of Irish Catholics who had defected from the invading US army during the Mexican-American War. The St. Patricks Battalion was an elite artillery unit which inflicted great damage on the Americans during the battles of Buena Vista and Churubusco. The unit was led by Irish defector John Riley. After the Battle of Churubusco, most members of the battalion were killed or captured: most of those taken prisoner were hanged and the majority of the others were branded and whipped. After the war, the unit lasted for a short time before being disbanded. The Mexican-American War By 1846, tensions between the USA and Mexico had reached a critical point. Mexico was enraged by the American annexation of Texas, and the USA had its eye on Mexicos sparsely populated western holdings, such as California, New Mexico, and Utah. Armies were sent to the border and it didnt take long for a series of skirmishes to flare into an all-out war. The Americans took the offensive, invading first from the north and later from the east after capturing the port of Veracruz. In September of 1847, the Americans would capture Mexico City, forcing Mexico to surrender. Irish Catholics in the USA Many Irish were immigrating to America at about the same time as the war, due to harsh conditions and famine in Ireland. Thousands of them joined the US army in cities like New York and Boston, hoping for some pay and US citizenship. Most of them were Catholic. The US army (and US society in general) was at that time very intolerant towards both Irish and Catholics. Irish were seen as lazy and ignorant, while Catholics were considered fools who were easily distracted by pageantry and led by a faraway pope. These prejudices made life very difficult for Irish in American society at large and particularly in the army. In the army, the Irish were considered inferior soldiers and given dirty jobs. Chances of promotion were virtually nil, and at the beginning of the war, there was no opportunity for them to attend Catholic services (by the end of the war, there were two Catholic priests serving in the army). Instead, they were forced to attend Protestant services during which Catholicism was often vilified. Punishments for infractions such as drinking or negligence of duty were often severe. Conditions were harsh for most of the soldiers, even the non-Irish, and thousands would desert during the course of the war. Mexican Enticements The prospect of fighting for Mexico instead of the USA had a certain attraction for some of the men. Mexican generals learned of the plight of the Irish soldiers and actively encouraged defections. The Mexicans offered land and money for anyone who deserted and joined them and sent over fliers exhorting Irish Catholics to join them. In Mexico, Irish defectors were treated as heroes and given the opportunity for promotion denied them in the American army. Many of them felt a greater connection to Mexico: like Ireland, it was a poor Catholic nation. The allure of the church bells announcing mass must have been great for these soldiers far from home. The St. Patricks Battalion Some of the men, including Riley, defected before the actual declaration of war. These men were quickly integrated into the Mexican army, where they were assigned to the legion of foreigners. After the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, they were organized into the St. Patricks Battalion. The unit was made up of primarily Irish Catholics, with a fair number of German Catholics as well, plus a handful of other nationalities, including some foreigners who had been living in Mexico before war broke out. They made a banner for themselves: a bright green standard with an Irish harp, under which was Erin go Bragh and the Mexican coat of arms with the words Libertad por la Republica Mexicana. On the flip side of the banner was an image of St. Patrick and the words San Patricio. The St. Patricks first saw action as a unit at the Siege of Monterrey. Many of the defectors had artillery experience, so they were assigned as an elite artillery unit. At Monterrey, they were stationed in the Citadel, a massive fort blocking the entrance to the city. American General Zachary Taylor wisely sent his forces around the massive fortress and attacked the city from either side. Although the defenders of the fort did fire on American troops, the citadel was largely irrelevant to the defense of the city. On February 23, 1847, Mexican General Santa Anna, hoping to wipe out Taylors Army of Occupation, attacked the entrenched Americans at the Battle of Buena Vista south of Saltillo. The San Patricios played a prominent part in the battle. They were stationed on a plateau where the main Mexican attack took place. They fought with distinction, supporting an infantry advance and pouring cannon fire into the American ranks. They were instrumental in capturing some American cannons: one of the few pieces of good news for the Mexicans in this battle. After Buena Vista, the Americans and Mexicans turned their attention to eastern Mexico, where General Winfield Scott had landed his troops and taken Veracruz. Scott marched on Mexico City: Mexican General Santa Anna raced out to meet him. The armies met at the Battle of Cerro Gordo. Many records have been lost about this battle, but the San Patricios were likely in one of the forward batteries which were tied up by a diversionary attack while the Americans circled around to attack the Mexicans from the rear: again the Mexican Army was forced to retreat. The Battle of Churubusco The Battle of Churubusco was the St. Patricks greatest and final battle. The San Patricios were divided and sent to defend one of the approaches to Mexico City: Some were stationed at a defensive works at one end of a causeway into Mexico City: the others were in a fortified convent. When the Americans attacked on August 20, 1847, the San Patricios fought like demons. In the convent, Mexican soldiers three times tried to raise a white flag, and each time the San Patricios ripped it down. They only surrendered when they ran out of ammunition. Most of the San Patricios were either killed or captured in this battle: some escaped into Mexico City, but not enough to form a cohesive army unit. John Riley was among those captured. Less than a month later, Mexico City was taken by the Americans and the war was over. Trials, Executions, and Aftermath Eighty-five San Patricios were taken prisoner in all. Seventy-two of them were tried for desertion (presumably, the others had never joined the US army and therefore could not desert). These were divided into two groups and all of them were court-martialed: some at Tacubaya on August 23 and the rest at San Angel on August 26. When offered a chance to present a defense, many chose drunkenness: this was likely a ploy, as it was often a successful defense for deserters. It didnt work this time, however: all of the men were convicted. Several of the men were pardoned by General Scott for a variety of reasons, including age (one was 15) and for refusing to fight for the Mexicans. Fifty were hanged and one was shot (he had convinced the officers that he had not actually fought for the Mexican army). Some of the men, including Riley, had defected before the official declaration of war between the two nations: this was, by definition, a much less serious offense and they could not be executed for it. These men received lashes and were branded with a D (for deserter) on their faces or hips. Riley was branded twice on the face after the first brand was accidentally applied upside-down. Sixteen were hanged at San Angel on September 10, 1847. Four more were hanged the following day at Mixcoac. Thirty were hanged on September 13 in Mixcoac, within sight of the fortress of Chapultepec, where the Americans and Mexicans were battling for control of the castle. Around 9:30 a.m., as the American flag was raised over the fortress, the prisoners were hanged: it was meant to be the last thing they ever saw. One of the men hanged that day, Francis OConnor, had both his legs amputated the day before due to his battle wounds. When the surgeon told Colonel William Harney, the officer in charge, Harney said Bring the damned son of a bitch out! My order was to hang 30 and by God, Ill do it! Those San Patricios who had not been hanged were thrown in dark dungeons for the duration of the war, after which they were freed. They re-formed and existed as a unit of the Mexican army for about a year. Many of them remained in Mexico and started families: a handful of Mexicans today can trace their lineage to one of the San Patricios. Those who remained were rewarded by the Mexican government with pensions and the land that had been offered to entice them to defect. Some returned to Ireland. Most, including Riley, vanished into Mexican obscurity. Today, the San Patricios are still a bit of a hot topic between the two nations. To Americans, they were traitors, deserters, and turncoats who defected out of laziness and then fought out of fear. They were certainly loathed in their day: in his excellent book on the subject, Michael Hogan points out that out of thousands of deserters during the war, only the San Patricios were ever punished for it (of course, they were also the only ones to take up arms against their former comrades) and that their punishment was quite harsh and cruel. Mexicans, however, see them in a vastly different light. To Mexicans, the San Patricios were great heroes who defected because they could not stand to see the Americans bullying a smaller, weaker Catholic nation. They fought not out of fear but out of a sense of righteousness and justice. Every year, St. Patricks Day is celebrated in Mexico, particularly in the places where the soldiers were hanged. They have received many honors from the Mexican government, including streets named after them, plaques, postage stamps issued in their honor, etc. Whats the truth? Somewhere in between, certainly. Thousands of Irish Catholics fought for America during the war: they fought well and were loyal to their adopted nation. Many of those men deserted (men of all walks of life did during that harsh conflict) but only a fraction of those deserters joined the enemy army. This lends credence to the notion that the San Patricios did so out of a sense of justice or outrage as Catholics. Some may simply have done so for recognition: they proved that they were very skilled soldiers -arguably Mexicos best unit during the war - but promotions for Irish Catholics were few and far between in America. Riley, for example, made Colonel in the Mexican army. In 1999, a major Hollywood movie called One Mans Hero was made about the St. Patricks Battalion. Sources Eisenhower, John S.D. So Far from God: the U.S. War with Mexico, 1846-1848. Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press, 1989Hogan, Michael. The Irish Soldiers of Mexico. Createspace, 2011.Wheelan, Joseph. Invading Mexico: Americas Continental Dream and the Mexican War, 1846-1848. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2007.

2-1-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

2-1-4 - Essay Example Two major fiscal policy tools are government spending and taxation. Government, through its fiscal policy changes the composition of taxation in order to maintain sustainable growth of the economy. Taxation system is the main source of earning of any government. As a result it is very important to control the system in accordance to the requirement of the economy. Governments control the taxation system through its fiscal policy. Another tool is government spending. It is also important in the context of the economy of the country. Importance and applicability of government spending has become clearer during the period of current global financial meltdown when governments have spent millions of dollars to save their respective economies and important organizations who were in trouble. It is found that the budget deficit of United Kingdom in the period of 2008-09 was around 90 billion Euro. It is also found that the difference between the tax receipts and government spending was almost 12 billion euro (Seager, A. 22 April 2009). According to EU Business, budget deficit of Germany will be more than 4% of total GDP in 2010 (EU Business, 14 January 2009). According to European Union’s growth and stability pact, each and every EU members must maintain its public deficits lower than 3% of GDP. Member countries must also keep their public debt below 60% of total GDP. US fiscal policy is found to be very much aggressive as compared to the fiscal policies adopted by the EU members. According Timothy Geithner who is the Treasury Secretary of U.S., the country will see more aggressive fiscal policy in future (Reuters, Feb 3,

Budget Finance Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Budget Finance - Research Paper Example The author of the essay "Municipal Budget" makes the deep analysis of New Orleans, Louisiana. New Orleans Louisiana is a relatively small city, although the largest in the state, with a rank of only forty-six in terms of the United States’ most populous cities. It encompasses five districts with one city council person each and two at large councilmen with the current mayor being Mitch Landrieu. The budget then encompasses some 565 pages and is pretty much detailed and informative, with graphs and comparisons to similar sized cities such as Portland, Oregon and Atlanta, Georgia. It tells where revenues come from, what money is spent and where, whether there is going to be a surplus (yes with a 2011 surplus of $500K), and whether there are to be any cuts in city services. The budget also addresses two other difficult areas. One is the situation faced by municipalities all over the country, that of the nationwide recession begun in 2007-08 and continuing today. New Orleans has its share of unemployment woes; at 8.3% it is slightly higher than the national average. With the unemployment comes hundreds of foreclosures and other abandoned buildings. Added to that is the fact the city is still trying to recover from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 which only adds to the blighted structures and a good portion of the city’s budget is devoted to placing liens and demolishing these b uildings. So yes, the current budget does give a very adequate overview of New Orleans’ financial position.... The budget then encompasses some 565 pages and is pretty much detailed and informative, with graphs and comparisons to similar sized cities such as Portland, Oregon and Atlanta, Georgia. It tells where revenues come from, what money is spent and where, whether there is going to be a surplus (yes with a 2011 surplus of $500K), and whether there are to be any cuts in city services. The budget also addresses two other difficult areas. One is the situation faced by municipalities all over the country, that of the nationwide recession begun in 2007-08 and continuing today. New Orleans has its share of unemployment woes; at 8.3% it is slightly higher than the national average. With the unemployment comes hundreds of foreclosures and other abandoned buildings. Added to that is the fact the city is still trying to recover from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 which only adds to the blighted structures and a good portion of the city’s budget is devoted to placing liens and demolishing these b uildings. So yes, the current budget does give a very adequate overview of New Orleans’ financial position. By far and away, the biggest expenditures from New Orleans’ budget are public safety, fire, police, and other emergency services. For the 2012 budget, when taken from the Adopted General Fund Expenditures public safety accounts for over half of that budget, sixty per cent. Even when considered as part of the entire budget (general and non-general, public safety still accounts for thirty five per cent. Of the divisions within that department, the police have the biggest slice, budgeted for 2012 at almost $119 million, an increase of nine per cent over 2011.

Abolitionist movement Essay Example for Free

Abolitionist movement Essay With the enlightenment and awareness of people regarding human rights came the abolitionist movement. Slavery was something that violated the basic tenet of human rights and dignity, and so it had to be abolished. Northern states have begun to pass acts which declared that all men were born free and equal. Several movements that involved religion and political movements highly influenced the strength and expanse of abolitionist ideals throughout the country. The movements that supported abolitionism varied in method and degree. Some were pacifist, as they tried to use the legal system and passed legislation seeking to make slavery illegal. Others utilized literature and the press like Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of the famous novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Religious movements declared slavery to be sinful and un-Christian, to discourage believers from keeping and owning slaves. Only a minority of abolitionists used to armed revolt and instigation of unrest and anger among the slaves as the main machinery to further their cause. The movement continued its stride to abolish slavery, but its strongest anchor point came with the election of a known contester of slavery, Abraham Lincoln, as president. With the head of state holding this position of opposition of slavery, the south felt that their way of life was endangered and threatened. Economic repercussions will be felt by their planters in the cotton, tobacco and sugar farms if the hands that worked in the plantations were to be set free. The zenith of the tensions between the south and the north was the American Civil war. It broke out when the south organized and removed themselves from the control of the American government. Rise of Abolitionism Historian James McPherson defined an abolitionist as a person who has fought for the abolition of slavery in the United States before the Civil war. American abolition started early on, as there were several groups already fighting for the liberation of slaves, such as the Society of Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, and there were several institutions which prohibited slavery already. Several states had passed laws that completely prohibited slavery in their territories. Those who joined the American Anti-Slavery Society or other groups were abolitionists. These movements were not unified, and so could not boast a unified strength. Vermont was the first territory to make slavery illegal, and Pennsylvania was the first state to abolish slavery in 1780. Then several states followed Pennsylvania’s example while some states chose to limit slave trading. Many of the states in the south retained the institution of slavery as it was the region’s life line in their plantations. Their strong adherence to the institution drove them to take a defensive stance against the rising popularity of the abolitionist movement. Many abolitionist writers distributed many anti-slavery writings and literature to the south to help spread the ideologies. Novels, pamphlets and other forms of writing began to circulate not just in the north, but also in the southern region. Southern officials were enraged at the act, and thus moved to ban all types of literature that might instigate rebellion and changes in the south. Violence was even employed to stop the circulation of antislavery media in the south. Elijah Parish Lovejoy, the editor of an abolitionist newspaper was murdered by a mob of pro-slavery southerners. His printing press was also destroyed. Abolitionists recognized the fact that slavery needed to be abolished everywhere in the country, but the north cannot interfere with the affairs of the south because of federal ruling. Because of this, many abolitionists focused on liberating the north and skipping the southern states. Some abolitionists were frustrated and did not like this idea, as they believed that every state should be free of slavery. The movement was further fortified by the support of free African-Americans and their church. With the issue of the constitution, the American Abolitionist movement split up into two groups, the Garrisonians, led by William Garrison and Wendell Phillips and another camp led by Spooner and Gerrit Smith. The Garrisonians believed that the constitution promoted slavery while Spooner’s group believed the constitution to be antislavery. Since slavery was unconstitutional, it could be abolished with the blessing of the law. More divisions in the abolitionist movement arose, but because of the social classes of the abolitionists themselves. The artisans and elites divided themselves on the issue of slavery as well. The Underground Railroad was used as a venue by many abolitionists to become more active in the cause for abolition of slavery. Many of the fugitive slaves were illegally transported away from their masters to be free men via this rail. But the railroad was made illegal by the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. But this did not stop the abolitionists from providing shelter and transporting slaves to freedom. After the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863 was done, many abolitionists moved to liberate slaves in the slave states. There were also movements to improve the social and living conditions of African-Americans all over the country. The Thirteenth Amendment finally ended all slave subjugations in the country.

Euthanasia Essay - Lutheranism and Doctor-Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide

Evangelical Lutheranism and Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide   Ã‚   As a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, I feel it important to express in this essay the stand of the church on the question of euthanasia and assisted suicide. Our church has strong biblical and traditional reasons for adamantly opposing these new end-of-life approaches.    Increasingly, people know from their own experience some painful dilemmas involving elderly or handicapped individuals who are in pain. While the achievements of modern medicine have been used to prolong and enhance life for many, they have also helped create an often dreaded context for dying. Costly technology may keep persons alive, but frequently these persons are cut off from meaningful relationships with others and exist with little or no hope for recovery. Many fearfully imagine a situation at the end of their lives where they or their trusted ones will have no say in decisions about their treatment. In this context, new emphasis is being placed on the rights of patients. Recent federal legislation, for example, requires all health care facilities receiving Medicare or Medicaid monies to inform patients of their right to make medical treatment decisions. This includes the right to specify "advance directives," [1] which state what patients wish to be done in case they are no longer able to communicate adequately.    We consider the legislation consistent with the principle that "respect for that person [who is capable of participating] mandates that he or she be recognized as the prime decision-maker" in treatment. [2] The patient is a person in relationship, not an isolated individual. Her or his decisions should take others into account and be made in supportive consultation with family members, close friends, pastor, and health care professionals. Christians face end-of-life decisions in all their ambiguity, knowing we are responsible ultimately to God, whose grace comforts, forgives, and frees us in our dilemmas.    Which decisions about dying are morally acceptable to concernd Christians, and which ones go beyond morally acceptable limits? Which medical practices and public policies allow for more humane treatment for those who are dying and which ones open the door to abuse and the violation of human dignity? Proposals in various states to legalize physician-assisted death [3] point to renewed interest in these old questions. ELCA members, congregations, and institutions need to address these questions through prayer and careful reflection.    Euthanasia Essay - Lutheranism and Doctor-Assisted Suicide :: Euthanasia Physician Assisted Suicide Evangelical Lutheranism and Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide   Ã‚   As a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, I feel it important to express in this essay the stand of the church on the question of euthanasia and assisted suicide. Our church has strong biblical and traditional reasons for adamantly opposing these new end-of-life approaches.    Increasingly, people know from their own experience some painful dilemmas involving elderly or handicapped individuals who are in pain. While the achievements of modern medicine have been used to prolong and enhance life for many, they have also helped create an often dreaded context for dying. Costly technology may keep persons alive, but frequently these persons are cut off from meaningful relationships with others and exist with little or no hope for recovery. Many fearfully imagine a situation at the end of their lives where they or their trusted ones will have no say in decisions about their treatment. In this context, new emphasis is being placed on the rights of patients. Recent federal legislation, for example, requires all health care facilities receiving Medicare or Medicaid monies to inform patients of their right to make medical treatment decisions. This includes the right to specify "advance directives," [1] which state what patients wish to be done in case they are no longer able to communicate adequately.    We consider the legislation consistent with the principle that "respect for that person [who is capable of participating] mandates that he or she be recognized as the prime decision-maker" in treatment. [2] The patient is a person in relationship, not an isolated individual. Her or his decisions should take others into account and be made in supportive consultation with family members, close friends, pastor, and health care professionals. Christians face end-of-life decisions in all their ambiguity, knowing we are responsible ultimately to God, whose grace comforts, forgives, and frees us in our dilemmas.    Which decisions about dying are morally acceptable to concernd Christians, and which ones go beyond morally acceptable limits? Which medical practices and public policies allow for more humane treatment for those who are dying and which ones open the door to abuse and the violation of human dignity? Proposals in various states to legalize physician-assisted death [3] point to renewed interest in these old questions. ELCA members, congregations, and institutions need to address these questions through prayer and careful reflection.   

Information Systems Technology Essay

Computer engineers are responsible for analyzing, designing and building software applications in an IT firm concerned with developing application software’s for various businesses. Once the primary analysis is done by the system analyst the coding phase is prepared by the software engineers where they have enough programming experience to bring the design model into a running system. They are responsible to get the logical design in paper to implement into a physical working system. They use their programming ability to design the business modules. They are usually concerned with the development of the system and taking care of the user interfaces, business rules implementation and the design methodologies which are required by any business employing information systems. They are also responsible for selecting the right programming tool for designing the user interface and enveloping the functionalities of the concerned tool in framing the business policies. Role of software tester: Software testers work in collaboration with the software engineers to eliminate the bugs in the software. They are primarily concerned with testing the software for checking the software for fulfilling the requirements and checking whether the software runs successfully with the requirements fulfilled. This is mainly concerned with validation and verification of the software. They prepare test cases to test the software for boundary checks, limit checks, data type checks, calculations of business processes and many others. They create and maintain reports to keep track of the systems reports and account of the defects which are found in the process. The classification of the defects is the next step. The defects are either corrected by the software tester or are forwarded to the software engineers to be corrected and submit again for errors. They are usually concerned with elimination of anomalies which are quite a hindrance in the business environment and pose a great threat to data and security. References /Bibliography See: http://getaccess. westone. wa. gov. au/careers/ profiles/data/OCC247. asp See: http://www. bls. gov/oco/ocos267. htm

Eco Study Question

The affordable bundle that yields the greatest satisfaction to the consumer is: Answer | | the maximum bundle. | | | the equilibrium consumption bundle. | | | the allowable purchasing bundle. | | | the most popular bundle. | Given that income is $500 and PX = $20 and PY = $5, what is the market rate of substitution between goods X and Y? Answer | | 100. | | | 4. | | | -20. | | | 25. | The budget set defines the combinations of good X and Y that Answer | | are desirable to the consumer. | | | are affordable to the consumer. | | | maximizes consumer's utility. | | | maximizes supplier's profit. |The difference between a price decrease and an increase in income is that Answer | | A price decrease does not affect the consumption of other goods while an increase in income does. | | | An increase in income does not affect the slope of the budget line while a decrease in price does change the slope. | | | A price decrease decreases real income while an increase in income increases real inco me. | | | A price decrease leaves real income unchanged while an increase in income increases real income. | All else held constant, as additional firms enter an industry Answer | | more output is available at each given price. | | less output is available at each given price. | | | the same output is available at each given price. | | | output could increase or decrease at each given price. | | | | The law of demand states that, holding all else constant: Answer | | as price falls, demand will fall also. | | | as price rises, demand will also rise. | | | price has no effect on quantity demanded. | | | as price falls, quantity demanded rises. | The economic principle that producers are willing to produce more output when price is high is depicted by the: Answer | | upward slope of the supply curve. | | | extreme steepness of the supply curve. | | downward slope of the supply curve. | | | interaction of the supply and demand curves. | Good X is a normal good if an increase in income leads to Answer | | an increase in the supply for good X. | | | an increase in the demand for good X. | | | a decrease in the demand for good X. | | | a decrease in the supply for good X. | If there are few close substitutes for a good, demand tends to be relatively Answer | | elastic. | | | inelastic. | | | unitary elastic. | | | neither elastic, inelastic nor unitary elastic. | Which of the following is used to determine the statistical significance of a regression coefficient?Answer | | t-statistic. | | | F-statistic. | | | R-square. | | | adjusted R-square. | Assume that the price elasticity of demand is -0. 75 for a certain firm's product. If the firm lowers price, the firm's managers can expect total revenue to Answer (lower than 1 so its inelastic) | | decrease| | | increase| | | remain constant| | | either increase or remain constant depending upon the size of the price decrease. | Assume that the price elasticity of demand is -2 for a certain firm's product. If the firm rai ses price, the firm's managers can expect total revenue to: Answer | | Decrease| | | Increase| | Remain constant| | | Either increase or remain constant depending upon the size of the price increase. | What is the marginal cost of producing the fifth unit? Answer | | 270. | | | 110. | | | 50. | | | 0. | Scarce resources are ultimately allocated toward the production of goods most wanted by society because: Answer | | firms attempt to maximize profits. | | | they are most efficiently utilized in these areas. | | | consumers demand inexpensive goods and services. | | | managers are benevolent. | The additional cost incurred by using an additional unit of the managerial control variable is defined as the: Answer | total cost. | | | net cost. | | | net benefit. | | | marginal cost. | Which is the correct statement about the relationship between government and the market? Answer | | Government should intervene on the consumers' behalf. | | | Government should intervene on the producers' behalf. | | | Government should not intervene on any party's behalf. | | | Government often plays a role in disciplining the market process. | Suppose the long-run average cost curve is U-shaped. When LRAC is in the increasing stage, there exist Answer | | economies of scope. | | | diseconomies of scope. | | economies of scale. | | | diseconomies of scale. | Fixed costs exist only in: Answer | | The long run. | | | Capital intensive markets. | | | The short run. | | | Labor intensive markets. | If the marginal product per dollar spent on capital is less than the marginal product per dollar spent on labor, then in order to minimize costs the firm should use Answer | | less capital and more labor. | | | less labor and more capital. | | | less labor and less capital. | | | more labor and more capital. | Suppose the marginal product of labor is 10 and the marginal product of capital is 8.If the wage rate is $5 and the price of capital is $2, then in order to minimize costs the firm shou ld use Answer | | more capital and less labor. | | | more labor and less capital. | | | equal amounts of labor and capital. | | | none of the statements associated with this question are correct. | A price decrease causes a consumer's â€Å"real† income to: Answer | | increase. | | | decrease. | | | remain unchanged. | | | decrease or increase depending on the size of the price change. | The idea that a consumer is limited to selecting a bundle of goods that is affordable is captured by the: Answer | budget constraint. | | | indifference curve. | | | consumer equilibrium. | | | price changes. | Suppose market demand and supply are given by Qd = 100 – 2P and QS = 5 + 3P. If a price ceiling of $15 is imposed, Answer | | there will be a surplus of 40 units. | | | there will be neither a surplus or shortage. | | | there will be a shortage of 40 units. | | | there will be a shortage of 20 units. | The minimum legal price that can be charged in a market is: Answer | | a pric e floor. | | | a price ceiling. | | | non-pecuniary price. | | | full economic price. | Suppose that good X is a substitute for good Y.Then an increase in the price of good Y leads to Answer | | an increase in the demand of good X. | | | a decrease in the demand of good X. | | | a decrease in the supply of good X. | | | an increase in the supply of good X. | In a competitive market, the market demand is Qd = 60 – 6P and the market supply is Qs = 4P. A price ceiling of $3 will result in a Answer | | shortage of 30 units. | | | shortage of 15 units. | | | surplus of 30 units. | | | surplus of 12 units| As the usage of an input increases, marginal product Answer | | initially increases then begins to decline. | | initially decreases then begins to increase. | | | consistently decreases. | | | consistently increases. | Costs that are forever lost after they have been paid are: Answer | | Production costs. | | | Fixed costs. | | | Sunk costs. | | | Variable costs. | The maximum am ount of output that can be produced with K units of capital and L units of labor is the: Answer | | Production function. | | | Technological constraint. | | | Research and development schedule. | | | Total product. | An isocost line Answer | | represents the combinations of w and K that cost the firm the same amount of money. | | represents the combinations of K and L that cost the firm the same amount of money. | | | represents the combinations of r and w that cost the firm the same amount of money. | | | has a convex shape. | Demand is more inelastic in the short-term because consumers: Answer | | are impatient. | | | have no time to find available substitutes. | | | are present-oriented. | | | are neither impatient, have no time to find available substitutes nor are present-oriented. | Which of the following factors would not affect the own-price elasticity of a good? Answer | | Time. | | | Price of an input. | | Available substitutes. | | | Expenditure share. | Use the figure ab ove to calculate the income elasticity of demand when income increases from $25,000 to $30,000. Answer | | -0. 10 | | | -1. 10 | | | 0. 1818 | | | 0. 20 | | | 1. 10| ? As a rule-of-thumb, a parameter estimate is statistically different from zero when the absolute value of the t-statistic is: Answer | | zero. | | | less than one. | | | greater than or equal to one. | | | greater than or equal to two. | In order to maximize net benefits, firms should produce where: Answer | | total benefits equal total costs. | | | profits are zero. | | marginal cost is minimized. | | | marginal benefits equal marginal costs| | | | Scarce resources are ultimately allocated toward the production of goods most wanted by society because: Answer | | firms attempt to maximize profits. | | | they are most efficiently utilized in these areas. | | | consumers demand inexpensive goods and services. | | | managers are benevolent. | Generally when calculating profits as total revenue minus total costs, accountin g profits are larger than economic profits because economists take into account Answer | | only explicit costs. | | | only implicit costs. | | both explicit and implicit costs. | | | both types of profits are always equal because they account for the same costs. | | | | To an economist, maximizing profit is: Answer | | maximizing the value of the firm. | | | maximizing the current year's profits. | | | minimizing the permanent total costs. | | | minimizing the future risks| At the point of consumer equilibrium the slope of the budget line is equal to the: Answer | | market rate of substitution. | | | indifference curve. | | | marginal rate of substitution. | | | consumer preference. | If the price of good X increases, what will happen to the budget line?Answer | | It will have a parallel shift inward. | | | It will have a parallel shift outward. | | | It will become steeper. | | | It will become flatter. | The possible goods and services a consumer can afford to consume represents t he: Answer | | consumer behavior. | | | consumer preferences. | | | consumer status. | | | consumer opportunities. | | | | | | | At what level of output does marginal cost equal marginal revenue? Answer | | 1. | | | 2. | | | 3. | | | 4. | If marginal benefits exceed marginal costs, it is profitable to: Answer | | increase Q. | | | decrease Q. | | | stay at that level of Q. | | all of the statements associated with this question are correct| The change in total output attributable to the last unit of an input is the: Answer | | Total product. | | | Average product. | | | Marginal product. | | | Marginal return. | The combinations of inputs that produce a given level of output are depicted by: Answer | | Indifference curves. | | | Budget lines. | | | Isocost curves. | | | Isoquants. | ? Suppose the demand for good X is given by Qdx = 20 – 4Px + 2Py + M. The price of good X is $5, the price of good Y is $15, and income is $150. Given these prices and income, how much of good X w ill be purchased?Answer | | 160. | | | 180. | | | 220. | | | None of the statements associated with this question are correct. | Which of the following pairs of goods are probably complements? Answer | | televisions and roller skates. | | | frozen yogurt and ice cream. | | | steak and chicken. | | | hamburgers and ketchup. | A change in income will not lead to: Answer | | a movement along the demand curve. | | | a leftward shift of the demand curve. | | | a rightward shift of the demand curve. | | | all of the statements associated with the question are correct. | Suppose market demand and supply are given by Qd = 100 – 2P and QS = 5 + 3P.The equilibrium price is: Answer | | $15. | | | $19. | | | $17. | | | $20. | The quantity consumed of a good is relatively unresponsive to changes in price whenever demand is: Answer | | elastic. | | | unitary. | | | falling. | | | inelastic. | In the figure above, what is the point price elasticity of demand when price is $60? Answer | | -0 . 50 | | | -0. 75 | | | -1. 00 | | | -1. 60 | | | -2. 00| Demand is perfectly elastic when the absolute value of the own price elasticity of demand is: Answer | | zero. | | | one. | | | infinite. | | | unknown. | Which of the following provides a measure of the overall fit of a regression?Answer | | t-statistic. | | | F-statistic and R-Square. | | | p-value. | | | the t-statistic and the p-value. | | | | When marginal revenue is positive, demand is Answer Selected Answer: elastic. The short run response of quantity demanded to a change in price is usually: Answer Selected Answer: Less than the long run response. Suppose demand is given by Q xd = 50 – 4Px + 6Py + Ax, where Px = $4, Py = $2, and Ax = $50. What is the quantity demanded of good x? Answer Selected Answer: 96. A price elasticity of zero corresponds to a demand curve that is: Answer Selected Answer: VerticalEconomics Answer Selected Answer: exists because of the scarcity. Good A is an inferior good, an increase in i ncome leads to: Answer Selected Answer: a decrease in the demand for good A. A price ceiling is Answer Selected Answer: the maximum legal price that can be charged in a market. A floor price is Answer Selected Answer: the minimum legal price that can be charged in a market. Suppose the demand for X is given by Qxd = 100 – 2PX + 4PY + 10M + 2A, where PX represents the price of good X, PY is the price of good Y, M is income and A is the amount of advertising on good X.Based on this information, we know that good X is a Answer Selected Answer: substitute for good Y and a normal good. The law of supply states that, holding all else constant, as the price of a good falls: Answer Selected Answer: quantity supplied falls. If the marginal product per dollar spent on capital is less than the marginal product per dollar spent on labor, then in order to minimize costs the firm should use Answer Selected Answer: less labor and more capital. Which of the following â€Å"costs† coul d a firm that wants to remain in business avoid if it halted current production? Answer Selected Answer:Variable costs. The marginal rate of technical substitution Answer Selected Answer: is the absolute value of the slope of the isoquant. Accounting profits are: Answer Selected Answer: total revenue minus total cost. Which of the following is an implicit cost to a firm that produces a good or service? Answer Selected Answer: foregone profits of producing a different good or service. The elasticity that measures the responsiveness of consumer demand to changes in income is the: Answer Selected Answer: income elasticity. Demand tends to be Answer Selected Answer: more inelastic in the short-term than in the long-term.What is/are the important things that must be developed when characterizing consumer behavior? Answer Selected Answer: Consumer preferences and consumer opportunities. When quantity demanded exceeds quantity supplied Answer Selected Answer: the price is below the equilib rium price. Graphically, an increase in the number of vegetarians will cause the demand curve for Tofu (a meat substitute) to Answer Selected Answer: shift rightward. Which of the following can explain an increase in the demand for housing in retirement communities? Answer Selected Answer: An increase in the population of the elderly.Demand shifters do not include Answer Selected Answer: the price of the good. If the price of an input rises, producers are willing to produce Answer Selected Answer: less output at each given price. If marginal costs exceed marginal benefits, then: Answer Selected Answer: the firm should decrease its production level. The optimal amount of studying is determined by comparing: Answer Selected Answer: marginal benefit and the marginal cost of studying. Each week Bill buys exactly 7 bottles of cola regardless of its price. Bill's own price elasticity of demand for cola in absolute value is: AnswerSelected Answer: less than one. The long-run is defined as Answer Selected Answer: the horizon in which the manager can adjust all factors of production. Economies of scale exist whenever long-run average costs Answer Selected Answer: decrease as output is increased. Constant returns to scale exist when long-run average costs Answer Selected Answer: remain constant as output is increased. Consumers adjust their purchasing behavior so that: Answer Selected Answer: the ratio of prices they pay equals their marginal rate of substitution. The demand curve for a good is horizontal when it is: Answer Selected Answer: perfectly elastic good. The cross price elasticity of demand between goods X and Y is -3. 5. If the price of X decreases by 7%, the quantity demanded of Y will: Answer Selected Answer: decrease by 24. 5%. If the absolute value of the own price elasticity of demand is greater than one, then demand is said to be Answer Selected Answer: elastic. If consumers expect future prices to be higher Answer Selected Answer: stockpiling will happ en when products are durable in nature. The market supply curve indicates the total quantity all producers in a competitive market would produce at each price, AnswerSelected Answer: allowing input price to vary. Technological advances will cause the supply curve to: Answer Selected Answer: shift to the right. The demand curve for a good is horizontal when it is: Answer Selected Answer: a perfectly elastic good. The market supply curve indicates the total quantity all producers in a competitive market would produce at each price, Answer Selected Answer: holding all supply shifters fixed. When government imposes a price floor above the market price, the result will be that Answer Selected Answer: surpluses occur. If income increases, the budget lineAnswer Selected Answer: shifts to the right. The value of marginal product of an input is the value of the Answer Selected Answer: output produced by the last unit of an input. Which of the following conditions is true when a producer mini mizes the cost of producing a given level of output? Answer Selected Answer: The marginal product per dollar spent on all inputs is equal and the MRTS is equal to the ratio of the quantity of inputs. Since most consumers spend very little on salt, a small increase in the price of salt will Answer Selected Answer: not reduce quantity demanded by very much.The elasticity which shows the responsiveness of the demand for a good due to changes in the price of a related good is the: Answer Selected Answer: cross-price elasticity. Good X is a normal good if an increase in income leads to Answer Selected Answer: an increase in the demand for good X. If A and B are complements, an increase in the price of good A would: Answer Selected Answer: lead to a decrease in demand for B. For a wood furniture manufacturer, an increase in the cost of lumber will cause the supply curve to:Answer Selected Answer: shift to the left.Which of the following conditions is true when a producer minimizes the cos t of producing a given level of output? Answer Selected Answer: The marginal product per dollar spent on all inputs is equal. The long-run is defined as Answer Selected Answer: the horizon in which the manager can adjust all factors of production. What is the horizontal intercept of the budget line, given that M = $1,000, PX = $50, and PY = $40? Answer Selected Answer: 20. 0. Given that income is $750 and PX = $32 and PY = $8, what is the market rate of substitution between goods X and Y? Answer Selected Answer: 4

The pros cons of using the atomic bomb essays

The pros cons of using the atomic bomb essays The Pros During wartime, horrible atrocities against all of humanity must be dealt with. Crimes against humanity, as never witnessed before, and hopefully to never be seen again, occurred during the course of World War II. The security of our nation and of other allied nations was severely threatened, not only by the Germans, but also by the Japanese. The Japanese were a strong people willing to fight till it was no longer possible. It may even be said that they were suicidal, with their kamikaze pilots and no real hope of defeating the allied nations. America has always, and most likely will always place a high value on American lives. In order to protect these lives and to insure that the world is safe for democracy, American leaders had to make a very tough decision, whether or not to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. This act would essentially be trading Japanese lives for American lives. The Japanese, who were the aggressors, much like the Germans, were not sympathized with. They were res ponsible for hundreds of thousands of American casualties in the Pacific, including the unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor. With Japanese forces showing no signs of surrender, American leaders made a decision. A decision that changed the history of warfare forever. On the week of August 6, 1945, the first and the last atomic bombs ever used during war were unleashed against Japan, vaporizing two of its largest cities. The act of dropping these bombs can be considered a great act against humanity, and rightfully so. Any act of war that will slaughter hundreds of thousands of people should be considered a crime against humanity. However, if we had not dropped the bomb on Japan, how many Americans would have been killed attempting to invade the Japanese mainland? Some estimates are as high as half a million, some lower but almost all of the estimat ...

How to Actually Use Your SAT Math Formulas

How to Actually Use Your SAT Math Formulas SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On average, you’ll need to use an SAT math formula once every four to five questions. This accounts for approximately 20-25% of the combined math sections, which means it is crucial that you understand how and when to employ your formulas on the SAT. We’ve put together the list of your need-to-know SAT formulas (prioritized in the order from greatest to least that you’ll see them on the SAT) as well as how to best use them for test-day. What Formulas Will You Need on the SAT? You will always be given nine geometry formulas and two geometry laws on the test, but NO algebra or coordinate geometry formulas. We’ve put together a list of the 21 SAT math formulas you should know for test dayand prioritized them according to â€Å"need to know† and â€Å"good to know.† If you feel rusty on any formula or math topic on the list, check out one of our individual math topic guidesto see how the formula works (and even why it works), as well as how to recognize when to use it. We’ll also show you the alternatives to using formulas for many questions. For instance, you can solve your distance questionsby either using the distance formula or by drawing a picture and using the Pythagorean Theorem. Both of these methods require formulas, but you are given the Pythagorean Theorem in the formula box, and so we have classified the distance formula as â€Å"good to know† but ultimately not â€Å"necessary.† SAT math questions are designed to be solved in a multitude of ways, so don't worry about having to find the one "right" path. How to Use Your Formulas Effectively So how do you best utilize your formulas, both given and not given? Let’s take a look. 1) MEMORIZE your formulas The best thing you can do for yourself (and your SAT math score) is to memorize your formulasyes, even the ones you’re given. Though it is nice to have the formula box as a fallback option to double-check your work, it is both a distraction and a time suck to continuously flip back and forth from problem to formula box, problem to formula box. Dividing your focus like this can lead to careless errors and is not something that we recommend. Unless you, for any reason, cannot memorize your formulas, then absolutely do so. Memorization (and practice, to drill them into your head) is going to be one of the strongest tools in your belt when taking the SAT math section. If you're a visual learner, make yourself a set of formula flash cards. If you're a kinesthetic (movement) learner, practice drawing and/or writing them out on a separate piece of paper. And if you're an auditory learner, get a parent or a friend to help you drill them aloud. Once you feel you've got your formulas down, practice using them on actual SAT questions to help you both remember them and learn how to use a particular formula for a particular problem. (We'll give you the opportunity to practice using your formulas in the next section.) 2) Prioritize learning your most crucial formulas Some formulas come up over and over (and over!), while others show up sparingly at best. If you are pressed for time, nervous about memorizing so many formulas, or simply trying to map out your plan of attack, memorize your formulas in the order that they appear most often on the test. Of your â€Å"necessary† formulas, they appear on the test from greatest prevalence to least in roughly this order: Law: the sum of the interior degrees of a triangle is 180 Area of a triangle Law: the sum of the degrees of a straight line is 180 Area of a rectangle (or other quadrilateral) Pythagorean Theorem Finding slope of a given line (rise/run) Finding slope of line connecting two points Finding percentages Law: the number of degrees of arc in a circle is 360 Area of a circle Circumference of a circle Finding averages Area of a circle’s arc Circumference of a circle’s arc Finding probabilities Finding combinations Finding the midpoint of a line Volume of rectangular solid Volume of cylinder Of the â€Å"good to know† or â€Å"shortcut† formulas, you will need them roughly in this order: Special right triangle properties, 30-60-90 Special right triangle properties, 45-45-90 Arithmetic sequences Geometric sequences Distance formula 3) Decide NOW which (if any) of your â€Å"good to know† formulas you want to memorize The reason they are called â€Å"good to know† formulas is exactly how it soundsyou can find all the answers to your SAT math problems without knowing these formulas or shortcuts at all. On the other hand, knowing them can save you time and effort, so it’s entirely your decision whether or not to memorize them. Just keep in mind that it is worse to remember a formula incorrectly than it is to have not attempted memorizing it at all. So if you do decide to memorize, say, the distance formula, make sure you’ve got it locked down tight. Otherwise, just decide here and now to only pay attention to your necessary formulas and leave the â€Å"good to know† formulas in the dust. 4) Practice SAT math questions at home without looking up your formulas It’s one thing to memorize your formulas with flash cards, but it’s a whole other ball game to remember them when you come face to face with real SAT math problems. You’ll have to figure out which formulas to use and how to execute them, in addition to remembering just what they are. And the only way you’re going to be able to do this is by practicing. After you’ve made the effort to memorize your formulas, practice your SAT questions without the safety net. Try to solve them as if you were really taking the testso memorize your formulas if possible, but feel free to use the given formulas as a fallback in case you get stuck or need to double-check your answers. 5) Don’t panic if you forget a formula Most of all don’t panic! We’ve said it before, and we’ll say it againthere are always multiple ways for you to solve your SAT math questions. So if you forget a formula, don’t worry about it! Is it a problem that can’t be solved without a formula? You will always have your given formulas in your formula box to rely on in a pinch. Is it a problem that requires an algebraic (aka, NOT given) formula? Then you will likely be able to solve it in a way that does not require a formula. On most occasions, you will be able to use the strategies of plugging in answers,plugging in numbers,or even just making a logical guess, to help you solve questions that you otherwise cannot. If necessary, you can usually eliminate one or two answer choices that are obvious outliers, even if you don’t know the formulas or strategies for how to solve the problem. For example, let's check out how we narrow down our answer options for an SAT math problem without using any formulas at all. If, for any reason, you forgot your formulas and even forgot that you had a formula box at your disposal, you can still eliminate several answer choices for this problem. If we remember that all SAT figures are drawn to scale unless otherwise noted, we can see at a glance that angles $a$ and $c$ are clearly smaller than angles $b$, $d$, and $e$. Eliminating two answer choices is enough to take a guess on the SAT and not risk too much with a wrong answer penalty, but we might be able to narrow it down even further. Even without knowing that a straight line has a degree measure of 180, we can logically deduce that a straight line must measure some amount and that all straight lines will be the same. The unknown angle attached to a given angle in a straight line (the supplementary angle) will therefore measure the remaining amount of the full measure of the line (whatever that measure may be). To visualize this, let's say that you have two buckets full of tennis balls. Each bucket contains the exact same amount of tennis balls, even though you don't know how many that is. You remove two tennis balls from the first bucket and one tennis ball from the second. Even though you didn't know how many tennis balls there were to begin with in each bucket, we know that the second bucket must have more tennis balls remaining than the first. This means that the angle attached (supplementary) to the larger given angle on a line will be smaller than the angle supplementary to the smaller given angle on a line. In other words,angle $e$ will be smaller than angle $b$, because $e$ is attached to a larger angle on a line. This means we can eliminate angle $e$ from the group. This leaves us with two answer choices, $b$ and $d$, all without the use of any formulas whatsoever. By guessing now, we have a 50-50 shot of getting it right! [Note: the correct answer is D, angle $d$.] And, as a last resort, you can always skip the problem entirely. Remember: if you cannot eliminate any answer choices, then you’re better off skipping the problem and simply moving on. Pick up points where you can and cut your lossesa question here and there that you have to skip won’t affect your score as much as you may think. Ready to test out your formula skills? SAT Math Practice Using Formulas Now let’s test your formula knowledge against real SAT math problems, all of which require formulas (both given and not given) to solve. 1) 2) 3) 4) Answers: D, D, C, 8 Answer Explanations: 1) If we remember our solid geometry formulas, we know that the volume of a rectangular prism is found by: $a = lwh$ So we can find the volume of our smaller rectangular blocks by multiplying the height, length, and width. $3 * 2 * 1$ $6$ inches. We can also find the volume of our larger prism the same way. We are told that the box is a cube, which means that the height, length, and width are all equal. If one side of the cube measures 6 inches, the volume of the cube will be: $6 * 6 * 6$ $216$ inches. Now we can simply divide the larger box by the smaller blocks. $216/6$ $36$ 36 smaller rectangular blocks will be able to fit into the larger box. Our final answer is D, 36. 2) This is another problem we can pretty much eyeball and work through logically, without knowing much about circles. We can also work through it using our formulas properly, so let's look at both techniques. Let's start by estimating. We are told that the larger circle has a circumference of 36 and that the radius of the smaller circle is half the radius of the larger circle. We also know that the figure is to scale, since we are not told otherwise. Even without knowing anything about circles, we can see that the cut out of 80 ° looks to be a little less than a quarter of both the larger and the smaller circle. As you can see, the red lines would divide the circle into proper quarters, and 80 ° is a little less than this. So if we know that the larger circumference is 36, we can divide this by 4 to find the approximate length of the larger arc. $36/4 = 9$ We know that the arc of the larger circle must besmaller than 9 (remember80 ° is a little less than a quarter), so the arc of the smaller circle must be even smaller than this. We can safely eliminate answer options A and B. Now we can eyeball the difference between the arc measures and guess that, if the larger arc is close to 9, the smaller arc is probably larger than 2. This leaves us with two answer choices, C and D, which gives us a 50-50 chance of getting the right answer. It is a safe time to make our best guess. Alternatively, we can solve the question by using our knowledge of circle formulas and angles. We are told that the larger circle has a circumference of 36 and we know that, to find the circumference of a circle, we use the formula: $c =Ï€2r$ If the circumference is 36, then the radius must be $36/2 = 18$ This means that the radius of the smaller circle (which we were told is half the radius of the larger) must be 9. Now, to find the circumference of an arc, we use the formula: $c_{arc} =Ï€2r(\angle/360)$ $18(80/360)$ $4$ Our final answer is D, 4. 3) We know that the area of a triangle is: $a = {1/2}bh$ Imagine, then, that we are working with a right triangle. This way, we can use one of our leg measures as our height to get our maximum area. We also know that the hypotenuse of a right triangle will be the side opposite the 90 degree angle. So if 10 is the longest side (the hypotenuse), the base or the height would have to be smaller. If, however, 10 acted as either the base or the height, the 7 would act as the other piece. This would mean our area was: $a = {1/2}(10)(7)$ $a = 35$ The largest possible area for our triangle is 35. Our final answer is C, 35. 4) For this problem, let us first fill in our given information. Now, we know that triangle APC is a right triangle, which means we can use either the Pythagorean Theorem (or our triangle shortcuts) to find the length of AP. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ $a^2 + 3^2 = 5^2$ $a^2 + 9 = 25$ $a^2 = 16$ $a = 4$ AP = 4 Now triangle ABP is also a right triangle, because it is connected on a line to the right triangle APC. In other words, angles BPA and APC are supplementary. This means we can find the measure of leg BA by using the Pythagorean Theorem one more time. $a^2 + b^2 = c^2$ $(4√3)^2 + 4^2 = c^2$ $16(3) + 16 = c^2$ $48 + 16 = c^2$ $64 = c^2$ $c = 8$ BA = 8. Our final answer is 8. You did it! It's done, yay! Image: Travis Nep Smith/Flickr The Take-Aways Don’t underestimate the value of needing to both know and understand your SAT formulas, but don’t get too fixated on them either. Though problems that require formulas account for 20-25% of your overall SAT math questions, that still leaves 75-80% of all SAT math questions that DON’T require formulas at all. So make sure that you know your formulas, but don’t think that knowing your formulas is the only hurdle to pass to do well on your SAT math test. Formula knowledge is just one step (though an important step) for doing well on the SAT math section as a whole. But a knowledge of your formulas, a balanced study plan, and a brush-up on any SAT math topic in which you might be rusty will definitely help get you to get where you need to be by test-day. What’s Next? Need to brush up on a particular SAT math topic?Check out ourindividual math topic guidesfor all your SAT math needs. Running out of time on the SAT math section?We'll show youhow to beat the clock and maximize your scorebefore time runs out. Been procrastinating in your SAT math study?Our guide willhelp you balance out your study time and beat back the urge to procrastinate. Aiming for a perfect score?Check out ourguide to getting an 800 on the SAT math section, written by a perfect-scorer. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this Math strategy guide, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. 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The German Creation of Colonies in Africa and the British Expansion of Term Paper

The German Creation of Colonies in Africa and the British Expansion of Its Colonial Empire in India and South Asia - Term Paper Example Nevertheless, it was involved in hard campaigns against the countries it was trying to possess. The Chancellor of Germany of that period Otto von Bismarck was not interested in the colonial expansion, but under the influence of German society and leadership that claimed that Germany needed colonies to maintain its economic domination in Europe, he agreed to take this step. After the unification of Germany in 1871 it was obvious that this action should happen because the pressure was too great. The main groups that were lobbying for the colonial expansion were the West German Society for Colonization and Export (1881) and the Central Association for Commercial Geography and the Promotion of German Interests Abroad (1878). Bismarck thought that the future German colonies would be stabilizing power that will influence domestic politics of the country. The colonies were to emphasize nationalism and to raise the prestige and greatness of Germany on the international level. In 1884-1885 Ge rmany was the host of the international Berlin Conference, where European claims in Africa were sanctioned. The requirement was that the claims of possession in Africa must be manifested by the physical occupation of the territories. In 1873 African Society in Germany (Afrikanische Gesellschaft in Deutschland) was organized. The goal of the society was geographical exploration of Africa. In 1882 German Colonial Society (Deutscher Kolonialverein) appeared. More than 15000 supporters of the colonial politics united in this society. In 1887 it joined the Society for German Colonization (Gesellschaft fur Deutsche Kolonisation), which goal was the practical realization of the colonial plans.2 Desiring to strengthen his political position, and counting upon the support of the National Liberal Party at the elections to Reichstag in 1884, Bismarck announced that the German government will take under its guardianship all the international possessions of the German businessmen. Besides that, he thought that this action will weaken the flow of German emigrants to America and will direct this flow to the German colonies. During that period of time the following territories were moved under the protection of the German government: The land purchased by the Bremen businessman Adolf Luderitz at the territory of the modern Namibia. In April 1884 German Southwest Africa was formed here. The lands of Adolph Woermann – German Cameroon in July of 1884. German Togo in July of 1884 German East Africa (Tanzania) that previously belonged to Carl Peters and The Society for German Colonization, in February of 1885. Protectorate of Witu (modern Kenia) that belonged to brothers Denhardt. German New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago In 1885 Bismarck abandoned the idea of the consistent colonial politics, and concentrated his efforts on the relationship with England and France. Colonies were used only as a bargaining chip in negotiations. At the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 years, A frica was divided among the European powers, and according to Helgoland-Zanzibar agreement of 1890 African protectorate Witu was traded for the strategically important for Germany island of Helgoland in the North Sea. Under Wilhelm II Germany tried to enlarge the sphere of its colonial influence by increasing the number of commercial representatives.